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Abstract

The persistent exploitation of the aquatic ecosystem, driven by increasing demand for aquatic resources, including construction-grade sand, is evidenced by hydrological and geomorphological degradation of the aquatic ecosystem, with severe negative consequences on the fauna and flora communities. The rising global demand for sand and inefficient mining regulations have resulted in indiscriminate and illegal sand mining globally. However, developing an effective policy framework for sustained river sand mining requires local, regional, and global data (both qualitative and quantitative) on the status, drivers and implications of sand mining. This paper uses a systematic literature review approach to compile the ecological and public health consequences of sand mining activities in the aquatic ecosystem, thereby providing key insights into the ecosystem's ecological status. The ecological impacts of sand mining are extensive and cumulative, resulting in bank erosion, altered river channels, increased suspended particulate matter, heightened turbidity, pollution, and risks to both fauna and flora. Ultimately, these led to impaired fish migration, reduced water depth, and exposed stream beds. Public health consequences include physical pain and injury, creating a breeding ground for pathogens, threats and assaults, psychological trauma, and even death. This study highlights the complex impacts of sand mining activities and emphasizes the urgent need for mitigation measures. It recommends employing science-based practices during sand mining activities and suggests comprehensive field studies for future research on sand mining, considering potential ecological impacts, socioeconomic benefits, and public health consequences.

Article History

Received: Jan 10, 2026; Accepted: Sep 15, 2026; Published: Sep 30, 2026

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