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Abstract

Plants, traditionally viewed as passive organisms, exhibit sensory and adaptive abilities that challenge conventional notions of plant biology. All organisms evolve ways to sense and interact with their surroundings, and plants, although lacking eyes, ears, or brains, perceive the world in sophisticated ways. Despite lacking a nervous system and other features typically associated with animals, plants can see, smell, hear, feel, learn, remember, and act similarly to animals. This review examines how plants perceive and respond to their environment using mechanisms analogous to vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, adjusting their morphology, physiology, and phenotype accordingly. Drawing from plant physiology, biochemistry, and neurobiology research, the study explores plant perception and adaptive behaviour. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using academic platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, focusing on plant communication, pain perception, and memory. Despite lacking nervous systems or sensory organs, results reveal that plants demonstrate sensory intelligence by detecting light, sound, chemicals, and mechanical stimuli. This enables them to optimize growth, defence, and survival strategies. Plants use photoreceptors to sense light, respond to sound vibrations, and release volatile compounds when threatened. They can recognize kin and retain the memory of past experiences, indicating learning and adaptation. These findings underscore that plants are active participants in their environments, capable of complex decision-making and behaviours. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding plant perception for advancements in agriculture, conservation, and environmental management, and calls for further research into plant cognition to address global ecological challenges.

Article History

Received: Apr 15, 2025; Accepted: Jun 21, 2025; Published: June 26, 2025

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