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Abstract

Nanotechnology has been a new paradigm of the twenty-first century with several good breakthroughs. These tiny particles, known for their outstanding qualities, are enjoying an increasing influence in many research fields concerning foodstuff, cosmetics, electronics, and pharmacology. Synthesis of nanoparticles includes utilizing chemical processes with reducing agents, alongside employing physical techniques such as top-down and bottom-up approaches for NP formation. The biological approach, known as green synthesis, utilizes plant extracts to ensure increased safety. Biological methods also involve bacteria and fungi, known as the major sources of nanoparticles. It is acknowledged as the most effective and environmentally conscious approach, attributed to its minimal impact on the environment. Nanoparticles display a range of structures, including variations containing silver, gold, zinc, and silica. They are essential in positively modulating plant growth, metabolism, and stress tolerance. In the agricultural sector, nanoparticles increase crop yield and are very necessary as nano pesticides and nano fertilizers, outdoing conventional alternatives. As they cause less harm to crop and boost agricultural production, they are vital in this field. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles play a crucial role in the post-harvest stages as they have an antimicrobial contribution to protect food from damage. However, research findings show that nanoparticles potentially contaminate the soil and water sources presenting environmental concerns. Overall, this review brings together current knowledge on the synthesis, characterization, types, physicochemical properties, and agricultural applications of nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential to improve agriculture while encouraging their safe and sustainable use.

Article History

Received: May 2, 2024; Accepted: Jun 18, 2026; Published: June 30, 2026.

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